System and method for user-behavior based content recommendations

ABSTRACT

A system and method of predicting a user&#39;s most meaningful multimedia content includes enabling a sensing device on a user device in response to a user requesting a multimedia operation, performing the multimedia operation for a multimedia content, in response to the multimedia operation, identifying behavioral and interaction cues of the user with the sensing device substantially when the multimedia operation is being performed, updating a recommendation from a set of multimedia content including the multimedia content represented by the behavioral and interaction cues identified, and presenting the updated recommendation to the user.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to managing multimedia content,and in particular embodiments, to techniques and mechanisms forpredicting a user's most meaningful multimedia content.

BACKGROUND

With the decrease of storage costs, user equipment (UE) is now capableof storing vast quantities of multimedia content (e.g., photographs,videos, music). As a result, organization of multimedia on UEs hasrecently become a difficult task. Users must often sort through hundredsor thousands of multimedia files to locate a single file that they wishto consume.

Several approaches to assisting a user in locating multimedia have beenproposed. Traditional image searching and understanding approachesattempt to locate objects in multimedia content. For example, objectssuch as faces, landmarks, animals, etc., may be located in multimediacontent, and the multimedia content may then be grouped according to theobjects recognized. Other approaches may also consider metadata of themultimedia content, such as the time and location of capture.

Unfortunately, multimedia contents are usually grouped and organizedloosely using traditional approaches. Most users still need to searchfor content they wish to consume. Further, traditional approaches oftenrequire vast amounts of processing and storage capacity to analyzemultimedia content.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Technical advantages are generally achieved, by embodiments of thisdisclosure which describe a system and method for predicting a user'smost meaningful multimedia content.

In accordance with an embodiment, a method is provided. The methodincludes enabling an input device in response to a user requesting amultimedia operation, recording behavioral and interaction cues of theuser with the input device while performing the multimedia operation,ranking the behavioral and interaction cues in accordance with a modelto produce a first multimedia recommendation criterion for a user, andrecommending a plurality of multimedia files to the user in accordancewith the first multimedia recommendation criterion.

In accordance with another embodiment, a method is provided. The methodincludes enabling a front camera of a device in response to a userviewing a multimedia file, recording behavioral and interactive actionsof the user with the front camera, analyzing the behavioral andinteractive actions to produce multimedia cues, assigning weights toeach of the multimedia cues, adjusting the weights for each of themultimedia cues in accordance with the behavioral and interactiveactions of the user, and generating image scores for a plurality ofmultimedia files in accordance with the weights.

In accordance with yet another embodiment, a device is provided. Thedevice includes an input device, a processor, and a computer-readablestorage medium storing a program including instructions executable bythe processor, the processor, when executing the instructions,configured to perform a method comprising enabling the input device inresponse to a user viewing a multimedia file, recording behavioral andinteraction cues of the user with the input device while displaying themultimedia file, ranking the behavioral and interaction cues inaccordance with a model to produce a first multimedia recommendationcriterion for a user, and recommending a plurality of multimedia filesto the user in accordance with the first multimedia recommendationcriterion.

In accordance with yet another embodiment, a device is provided. Thedevice includes a sensing device, a memory storing a plurality ofmultimedia content, a processor, and a computer-readable storage mediumstoring a program to be executed by the processor. The program includesinstructions for receiving a request from a user to perform a multimediaoperation, performing the multimedia operation while retrieving datawith the sensing device, updating a recommendation of a subset of themultimedia content in accordance with the request and the retrieveddata, and presenting the updated recommendation to the user.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and theadvantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptionstaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram illustrating an exemplary processingsystem;

FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram illustrating an exemplaryrecommendation system;

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary user interface including a multimediagallery;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary process to perform multimediarecommendation operations;

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary process to access a user profile;

FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate various exemplary processes to identify andrecord cues representing user behavior, interaction, and feedback;

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary process to record cues representing userbehavior;

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary process to classify cues representinguser facial expressions;

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary process to identify and track usergazing cues;

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary process to identify and record userinteractions with a device which performs a multimedia operation,according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 10A-10D illustrate various exemplary processes to detect photosub-cues;

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary process to identify cues representinguser feedback for multimedia recommendation;

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary process to configuring a recommendationengine according to user feedbacks in one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary process to adjust weight factors in arecommendation engine in one embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary process to generate ranking scores inone embodiment of the present invention.

Corresponding numerals and symbols in the different figures generallyrefer to corresponding parts unless otherwise indicated. The figures aredrawn to clearly illustrate the relevant aspects of the embodiments andare not necessarily drawn to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The making and using of embodiments of this disclosure are discussed indetail below. It should be appreciated, however, that the conceptsdisclosed herein can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts,and that the specific embodiments discussed herein are merelyillustrative and do not serve to limit the scope of the claims. Further,it should be understood that various changes, substitutions andalterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit andscope of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

Disclosed herein is a system and method for predicting a user's mostmeaningful multimedia content. With the proliferation of low-coststorage, user devices can now store thousands of photographs, videos,and songs. It can be difficult for users to find their most meaningfulmultimedia in these vast collections of content. Techniques to locallyand automatically provide meaningful content to users are thus desired.

Embodiments provide systems and methods for automatically predicting andsuggesting (or identifying, recommending etc.) meaningful or relevantmultimedia to specific users of devices. Behavioral and interactiveinputs of a user are captured with a sensor and analyzed for cues as theuser views or captures multimedia with a user device. These inputs areanalyzed for cues so that a user device may learn which multimedia ismost meaningful to a user. The behavioral and interactive inputs fromthe user may also be combined with a traditionaldetect-recognize-classify scheme to further refine prediction andrecommendation of multimedia content to a user. Capture of behavioraland interactive inputs and analysis for cues is possible because modernuser devices often have multiple sensors, such as front and rear camerasand microphones, integrated into them.

Various embodiments may achieve advantages. Automatically predicting andsuggesting meaningful multimedia to a user allows the user to save andeasily access their favorite content on a user device. For example, acollection containing thousands of multimedia files may be narrowed downto a recommendation of only several dozen favorite multimedia files thatare meaningful to a user. Feedback from the user on theserecommendations may be used as machine learning inputs for the userdevice, allowing further refinement of multimedia recommendations. Userdevices may thus be more personalized to specific users' preferences.Such a learning approach may be implemented in a more relatively simplemanner than traditional detect-recognize-classify approaches, allowingfor local implementation on user devices and avoiding dependence oncloud computing for processing or storage capacity.

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment processing system100 for performing methods described herein, which may be installed in ahost device. As shown, the processing system 100 includes a processor102, a memory 104, and interfaces 106-110, which may (or may not) bearranged as shown in FIG. 1. The processor 102 may be any component orcollection of components adapted to perform computations and/or otherprocessing related tasks, and the memory 104 may be any component orcollection of components adapted to store programming and/orinstructions for execution by the processor 102. In an embodiment, thememory 104 includes a non-transitory computer readable medium. Theinterfaces 106, 108, 110 may be any component or collection ofcomponents that allow the processing system 100 to communicate withother devices/components and/or a user. For example, one or more of theinterfaces 106, 108, 110 may be adapted to communicate data, control, ormanagement messages from the processor 102 to applications installed onthe host device and/or a remote device. As another example, one or moreof the interfaces 106, 108, 110 may be adapted to allow a user or userdevice (e.g., personal computer (PC), etc.) to interact/communicate withthe processing system 100. The processing system 100 may includeadditional components not depicted in FIG. 1, such as long term storage(e.g., non-volatile memory, etc.).

FIG. 1B illustrates block diagram of an embodiment multimediarecommendation system 150. The multimedia recommendation system 150includes a main module 152, a content store 154, a cue store 156, a userpreferences store 158, a ranking model (or recommendation engine) 160,and a user interface 162. The main module 152 performs ranking ofmultimedia content stored in the content store 154 with the rankingmodel 160, and presents the multimedia content to a user through theuser interface 162. The main module 152 may be coupled to a sensorcontroller, to receive sensing data and/or control (start, stop, open,close etc.) attached sensor devices.

Multimedia content may be ranked according to cues associated with themultimedia content, and according to user preferences. The cues may bestored in the cue store 156 and associated with multimedia content inthe content store 154. For example, elements or features representingthe cues associated with a multimedia content (e.g. a picture or avideo) may be generated in response to (or substantially when) makingthe associated multimedia content (e.g. when taking the picture via acamera or while shooting the video via a video recorder or camera),before the associated multimedia content is fully generated. In someembodiments, the content store 154, the cue store 156, and the userpreferences store 158 may all be co-located in the same store, such as adatabase. The ranking model 160 may be periodically updated according tothe cues and user preferences.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment multimedia gallery 200. The multimediagallery 200 displays photos, videos, and music. The multimedia gallery200 is divided into several views, and includes an all photos view 202and auto-favorites view 204. The all photos view 202 contains all photosthat a user has captured with a device. While the multimedia gallery 200illustrates four views for photos, it should be appreciated that themultimedia gallery 200 may contain other views and be capable ofdisplaying and automatically recommending many types of multimediacontent.

The auto-favorites view 204 contains photographs that the multimediagallery 200 recommends to a user as meaningful content based onbehavioral and interactive inputs from the user. As such, the all photosview 202 generally contains more photos than the auto-favorites view204. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the multimedia gallery200 has 5,508 photos in the all photos view 202, but only 89 of thosephotos have been automatically recommended to the user in theauto-favorites view 204. While the multimedia gallery 200 is illustratedas an application on a mobile user device, it should be appreciated thatthe multimedia gallery 200 and methods performed thereon could beintegrated into a wide variety of products, such as smartphones,tablets, cameras, and photo management software.

The auto-favorites view 204 may be populated by analyzing behavioral andinteractive inputs of a user for cues. Behavior cues such as the user'sfacial expressions or gaze may be analyzed while the user views orcaptures multimedia. For example, detecting a smile or a frown in theuser's facial expression while they view a multimedia file may providean important cue indicating that the multimedia file is meaningful tothe user. Likewise, a user's gaze may be analyzed as they viewmultimedia content, to determine “hot spots,” e.g., favorite people orobjects, in the photos.

Interactive cues of the user may also be analyzed as they viewmultimedia content. For example, the total amount of time a user spendsviewing particular multimedia content may be tallied and analyzed todetermine if that multimedia content is meaningful. Other interactivemetrics may also be considered and analyzed for sub-cues. Such metricsmay include determinations of whether the user has shared, edited,zoomed, or oriented the multimedia content.

Environmental or situational inputs of the user may also be analyzed forcues as they capture multimedia, e.g., take a photo or video. Analyzingfor environmental cues may include capturing and recognizing voices andbackground noise, to identify events occurring while taking the photo orvideo. For example, detection of a birthday song in the background whilethe user takes a photo may be an environmental cue indicating that thephoto will be relatively more meaningful to the user. Facial recognitionmay also be used, to detect photo or video subjects that the user knows.For example, facial recognition of a captured photo may be performed andthen matched against profile pictures in the user's contact list oraddress book. In such an example, detecting the presence of a closefamily member in a photo may be an environmental cue that more stronglyindicates the photo is meaningful to the user.

The multimedia gallery 200 may also support multiple users, so thatmeaningful multimedia may be recommended to particular users. Forexample, a user operating the multimedia gallery 200 may be detected andthe auto-favorites view 204 populated with recommendation personalizedto that user. Users may be detected, e.g., with facial or voicerecognition when they operate the multimedia gallery 200.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment multimedia recommendation method 300.The multimedia recommendation method 300 may be performed by a device asa user browses or captures multimedia content with the device. Forexample, the multimedia recommendation method 300 may be performed whilethe user operates the multimedia gallery 200.

The multimedia recommendation method 300 begins by getting the status ofsensor devices on a user device (step 302). In some embodiments, accessto sensors on the device may be disabled when the multimedia gallery 200is being presented. For example, access to a microphone may be disabledon the device. Next, the mode of operation is identified (step 304). Theuser device could be operating in capture mode, where multimedia contentis captured, or could be operating in browsing mode, where multimediacontent is viewed. The mode of operation may be selected by the user;for example, the user may choose whether they want to browse or capturemultimedia. In some embodiments, the mode of operation may beautomatically selected or limited according to the detected status ofthe sensor devices. For example, access to the front or rear cameras maybe disabled on the device. In such embodiments, the mode of operationmay be limited to browsing mode. In some embodiments, access to devicesmay be disabled in certain modes of operation. For example, the user maychoose to disable the front camera of the device when in capture mode,but enable the front camera of the device when in browsing mode.

Next, a user profile is created and/or opened (step 306). A profile forthe current user may first be created, if one does not exist, beforeopening it. The user's profile may contain preferences and results ofcue analysis that allow multimedia content to be recommended to the userbased on criterion that may be meaningful to the user (e.g. according touser feedback received). Accordingly, a recommendation criterion may beconstructed for making personalized multimedia recommendations for eachuser.

Next, behavior, interactions, and/or feedback of the user are capturedduring a multimedia operation (step 308). A multimedia operation mayinclude interaction with user interfaces (e.g. presenting, selecting,browsing operations) of a multimedia content and/or capturing (e.g.,producing or generating) a multimedia content via at least one sensingdevice, such as camera, microphone, or other applicable sensors. Thebehavior and interactive inputs may be captured by receiving data fromthe sensor on the device when the user is capturing or viewingmultimedia content, and may also be identified based on the user'sinteraction with particular multimedia content. The feedback may becaptured by presenting multimedia recommendations to the user andprompting them for feedback when the user is viewing multimedia content.The behavior, interactions, and/or feedback may be captured in thebackground periodically or continuously while the user is capturing orbrowsing multimedia content. In some embodiments, raw data for thecaptured behavior, interactions, and/or feedback may be stored andanalyzed later. In some embodiments the data may be analyzed in realtime.

Next, cues are identified in the captured behavior, interactions, and/orfeedback of the user (step 310). Cues may include, for example,indications that the user smiled or frowned when viewing or capturingmultimedia content. Behavior and interaction cues are identified withinthe inputs captured by the sensor on the device. For example, behaviorcues may include indications that the user smiled or frowned whenviewing or capturing particular multimedia content. Likewise,interaction cues may include indications that the user, e.g., viewedparticular multimedia multiple times, shared the multimedia, edited themultimedia, etc. Similarly, feedback cues may include indications thatthe user agreed or disagreed with multimedia recommendations. Whilevarious embodiments have been described with respect to particular typesof behavioral and interaction cues, it should be appreciated that a widevariety of cues could be captured and identified.

Finally, multimedia content recommendations are provided to the user inaccordance with the identified cues (step 312). The multimediarecommendations may be provided in accordance with a model that isconstructed for the user profile and includes the identified cues. Themodel may be updated with machine-learned feedback as the user operatesthe device. For example, updating the model may include adjusting theweights of various cues based on usage patterns of the user.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment user profile access method 400. Theuser profile access method 400 may be a more detailed illustration ofoperations occurring when creating or opening a user profile, in step306 of the multimedia recommendation method 300.

The user profile access method 400 begins by determining whether theuser's face is recognizable (step 402). Facial recognition may be usedto recognize the user's face and match it against a database of knownfaces. If a user's face is not recognized, then a new profile is createdfor the user (step 404). Once the user is recognized or created, theuser profile corresponding to the recognized user is opened (step 406).Once a user profile has been opened, the user profile access method 400concludes.

FIG. 5A illustrates an embodiment behavior and interaction recordingmethod 510. The behavior and interaction recording method 510 may be amore detailed illustration of operations occurring when capturing userbehavior, interactions, and feedback, in step 308 of the multimediarecommendation method 300. The behavior and interaction recording method510 may be performed when the user is capturing multimedia content.

The behavior and interaction recording method 510 begins by capturingambient cues when capturing multimedia content (step 512). Environmentrecognition may be performed on the ambient cues, to determine whetheror not the captured multimedia content is more likely to be meaningfulto a user. For example, if the user is capturing a photo at a birthdayparty, audio recognition may be used to detect a birthday song in theambient cues, indicating a relatively higher likelihood that thecaptured photo will be more meaningful to the user than other photos.Likewise, facial expressions of the user may be captured with the frontcamera while the user captures a photo with the back camera. Facialrecognition of the user's expressions may be performed to detect certainfacial expressions of the user, e.g., smiling or laughing. Some facialreactions may indicate a relatively higher likelihood that the capturedphoto will be more meaningful to the user than other photos.

Once the ambient cues are captured, the multimedia content is rankedaccording to an environmental model and the cues (step 514). Theenvironmental model may rank and sum the various ambient cues to producea score for the captured photo or video. Once the multimedia content hasbeen ranked with the ambient cues, the behavior and interactionrecording method 510 concludes.

FIG. 5B illustrates an embodiment behavior and interaction recordingmethod 530. The behavior and interaction recording method 530 may be amore detailed illustration of operations occurring when capturing userbehavior, interactions, and feedback, in step 308 of the multimediarecommendation method 300. The behavior and interaction recording method530 may be performed when the user is browsing or capturing multimediacontent.

The behavior and interaction recording method 530 begins by determiningwhether enough information has been collected to generaterecommendations for meaningful multimedia (step 532).

If sufficient information has not been gathered, then behavior of theuser is captured to detect behavioral cues while the user browsesmultimedia (step 534). Multimedia content is then ranked with a behaviormodel and the behavioral cues (step 536). The behavior model may producea score for the captured photo or video based on a combination of thevarious behavioral cues (e.g., via weighted sum operations).

The interactions of the user are also captured to detect interactioncues while the user browses multimedia (step 538). Multimedia content isthen ranked with an interaction model and the interaction cues (step540). The interaction model may combine (e.g., rank and sum) the variousinteraction cues to produce a score for the captured photo or video.

If sufficient information has been gathered, multimedia recommendationsare generated and presented to the end user for feedback (step 542). Themultimedia may be presented to the user, and the user may be prompted tosave or discard the recommendations. Multimedia content is then rankedwith a post-processing model and the feedback (step 544). Thepost-processing model may rank and sum the various user feedbacks toproduce a score for other multimedia content that may be presented tothe user. The user feedback may thus be used for a machine-learningprocess. Once the user's feedback, behavioral, and/or interaction cuesare captured and recommendations are produced with the various models,the behavior and interaction recording method 530 concludes.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment user behavior recording method 600. Theuser behavior recording method 600 may be a more detailed illustrationof operations occurring when capturing behavior of a user who isbrowsing multimedia, in step 534 of the behavior and interactionrecording method 530.

The user behavior recording method 600 beings by determining whether theuser has swiped to view a next multimedia file (step 602). If the userhas swiped to the next multimedia file, facial expressions of the userare captured and recognized as they swipe (step 604). If the multimediafile is a video, then the facial expressions of the user may be capturedthroughout playback of the video. Once the facial expressions of theuser have been captured and recognized, the facial expressions are thenclassified and time stamped (step 606). For example, a user's expressionwhen they swipe to a new photo may be classified as a smile or as afrown, and that smile or frown may be saved with a time stamp indicatingwhen the user viewed and smiled or frowned at the photo.

If the user has not yet swiped to the next multimedia file, then theuser behavior recording method 600 determines whether the user hasstared at the current multimedia file for more than a predeterminedamount of time t_(s) (step 608). In some embodiments, t_(s) is about 2seconds. If the user views the photo or video for more than thepredetermined amount of time t_(s), then hotspots of the screen andcorresponding multimedia are determined (step 610). The user behaviorrecording method 600 concludes after the multimedia hotspots have beendetermined, or after the user's facial expressions are recognized andclassified. The resulting behavioral cues from the user behaviorrecording method 600 may then be ranked by the behavior model, in step536 of the behavior and interaction recording method 530.

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment facial expression classification method700. The facial expression classification method 700 may be a moredetailed illustration of operations occurring when classifying facialexpressions, in step 606 of the user behavior recording method 600.

The facial expression classification method 700 begins by determiningwhether the user's face has a positive facial reaction (step 702).Positive facial reactions may be, e.g., a laugh-like expression,captured when the user is viewing photos or videos. If a positivereaction is detected, it is stored as a positive facial reaction cuealong with a time stamp (step 704). The positive reaction and time stampare associated with the multimedia content that the user is currentlyviewing.

If a positive reaction is not detected, then the facial expressionclassification method 700 continues by determining whether the user'sface has a negative facial reaction (step 706). Negative facialreactions may be, e.g., a frown-like expression, captured when the useris viewing photos or videos. If a negative reaction is found, it isstored as a negative facial reaction cue along with a time stamp (step708). If neither a positive nor negative reaction is detected when theuser is viewing multimedia, then a “no facial reaction” cue is storedalong with a time stamp (step 710). The stored expressions may beassociated with the multimedia content the user is viewing. Once afacial reaction cue, or the lack thereof, has been stored and timestamped, the facial expression classification method 700 concludes. Theresulting facial reaction cues may be included with the behavioral cuesranked by the behavior model, in step 536 of the behavior andinteraction recording method 530.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment gaze tracking method 800. The gazetracking method 800 may be a more detailed illustration of operationsoccurring when determining hotspots of the screen and correspondingphotos, in step 610 of the user behavior recording method 600.

The gaze tracking method 800 begins by searching for a hotspot in amultimedia file (step 802). A hotspot may be a location in a multimediafile that a user is staring at. For example, the user may be looking ata particular individual in a photograph that contains severalindividuals. The user's gaze is tracked until a hotspot on the devicedisplay is detected. Once a hotspot is detected, the multimedia file iscoordinated with the hotspot location on the device display (step 804).For example, if the user was looking at a particular corner of thedevice display, then the image may be coordinated with the devicedisplay to determine the particular subject or object in the image thatthe user was staring at. Once the photo or video has been coordinated,the hotspot is recognized (step 806). Recognition of the hotspot mayinclude, for example, performing facial recognition to determine whatthe user was staring at in the hotspot. Once the subject in the hotspotis recognized and determined, hotspot cues are stored for the multimediafile (step 808). After the hotspot cues have been stored, the gazetracking method 800 concludes. The resulting hotspot cues may beincluded with the behavioral cues ranked by the behavior model, in step536 of the behavior and interaction recording method 530.

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment user interaction recording method 900.The user interaction recording method 900 may be a more detailedillustration of operations occurring when capturing interactions or cuesof a user who is browsing multimedia, in step 538 of the behavior andinteraction recording method 500. The user interaction recording method900 may be performed, for example, while a user is viewing photos orvideos on the device.

The user interaction recording method 900 begins by determining whetherthe user has swiped to a new photo (step 902). If the user has swiped toa new photo, then the photo metadata is read (step 904). Once the photometadata is read, the amount of time the user spends viewing the photois noted and stored (step 906). Once the view time has been stored, theuser's interactions with the photo are searched for positive sub-cues(step 908). Positive sub-cues for a photo may include an indication thatthe user edited, published, shared, or oriented the photo, as will bediscussed in more detail below. Once positive sub-cues are detected thesub-cues may then be stored (step 910).

If the user has not swiped to a new photo, then the user interactionrecording method 900 determines whether the user has swiped to a newvideo (step 912). Once the user has swiped to a new video, the user'sinteractions with the video are searched for positive sub-cues (step914). Positive sub-cues for a video may include notations that the userpaused or rewound the video. Once positive sub-cues for the video arefound, the positive sub-cues for the video are stored (step 916).

Once the positive photo or video sub-cues are stored, the userinteraction recording method 900 concludes. The resulting interactioncues from the user interaction recording method 900 may then be rankedby the interaction model, in step 540 of the behavior and interactionrecording method 530

FIG. 10A illustrates an embodiment photo sub-cue detection method 1010.The photo sub-cue detection method 1010 may be a more detailedillustration of operations occurring when searching for positivesub-cues in a user's interactions with a photo, in step 908 of the userinteraction recording method 900. The photo sub-cue detection method1010 may detect whether a user has edited a photo.

The photo sub-cue detection method 1010 begins by determining whetherthe user has edited a photo (step 1012). Editing of a photo may includeactions such as cropping the photo or manipulating it in an imageprocessing suite. Editing of a photo may be detected if, e.g., metadataof the photo indicates it was captured by a device besides the backcamera of the user device. If the user has edited the photo, then apositive editing reaction cue for the photo is stored (step 1014). Ifthe user has not edited the photo, then no editing reaction cue isstored. After an editing reaction cue is stored, the photo sub-cuedetection method 1010 concludes. By determining whether the user editedthe photo, the photo sub-cue detection method 1010 thus gauges whether aphoto was meaningful enough to the user that they desired to touch upthe photo.

FIG. 10B illustrates an embodiment photo sub-cue detection method 1030.The photo sub-cue detection method 1030 may be a more detailedillustration of operations occurring when searching for positivesub-cues in a user's interactions with a photo, in step 908 of the userinteraction recording method 900. The photo sub-cue detection method1030 may detect whether a user has shared a photo.

The photo sub-cue detection method 1030 begins by determining whetherthe user has shared a photo (step 1032). Sharing of a photo may includeactions such as emailing the photo, sending it via SMS, or posting it toa social media website. If the user has shared the photo, then apositive sharing reaction cue for the photo is stored (step 1034). Ifthe user has not shared the photo, then no sharing reaction cue isstored. After a sharing reaction cue is stored, the photo sub-cuedetection method 1030 concludes. By determining whether the user sharedthe photo, the photo sub-cue detection method 1030 thus gauges whether aphoto was meaningful enough to the user that they desired to share thephoto, e.g., with family or friends.

FIG. 10C illustrates an embodiment photo sub-cue detection method 1050.The photo sub-cue detection method 1050 may be a more detailedillustration of operations occurring when searching for positivesub-cues in a user's interactions with a photo, in step 908 of the userinteraction recording method 900. The photo sub-cue detection method1050 may detect whether a user has zoomed into a photo.

The photo sub-cue detection method 1050 begins by determining whetherthe user has zoomed into a photo (step 1052). Zooming into a photo maybe accomplished by, e.g., pinching the device display to zoom in at thepinch point. If the user has zoomed into the photo, then a positivezooming reaction cue for the photo is stored (step 1054). If the userhas not zoomed into the photo, then no zooming reaction cue is stored.After a zooming reaction cue is stored, the photo sub-cue detectionmethod 1050 concludes. By determining whether the user zoomed into thephoto, the photo sub-cue detection method 1050 thus gauges whether aphoto was meaningful enough to the user that they desired a better viewof the photo.

FIG. 10D illustrates an embodiment photo sub-cue detection method 1070.The photo sub-cue detection method 1070 may be a more detailedillustration of operations occurring when searching for positivesub-cues in a user's interactions with a photo, in step 908 of the userinteraction recording method 900. The photo sub-cue detection method1070 may detect whether a user has rotated the orientation of a photo.

The photo sub-cue detection method 1070 begins by noting the orientationof a photo when the photo is initially viewed (step 1072). For example,a photo may have been taken in a portrait or landscape orientation.Photos taken in an orientation different from that of the device displaymay be rotated when displayed on the device. Once the initial photoorientation has been noted, it is compared to the current orientation ofthe user device display to determine whether the photo was taken in adifferent orientation than that of the user device display (step 1074).If the initial orientation of the photo and orientation of the userdevice display are the same, then the photo sub-cue detection method1070 concludes.

If the initial orientation of the photo and orientation of the userdevice display are different, then the photo sub-cue detection method1070 continues by determining whether the user rotated the user deviceto change the display orientation of the device (step 1076). Determininga rotation of orientation may be accomplished by, e.g., sensing changesin an accelerometer integrated into the user device. If the user has notrotated the device to change the display orientation, then the photosub-cue detection method 1070 concludes.

If the user has rotated the device to change the display orientation,then the photo sub-cue detection method 1070 continues by storing apositive rotation reaction cue for the photo (step 1078). Once thepositive rotation reaction cue has been stored, the photo sub-cuedetection method 1070 concludes. By determining whether the user rotatedthe device to match the photo's original orientation, the photo sub-cuedetection method 1070 thus gauges whether a photo was meaningful enoughto the user that they desired a better view of the photo.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment user feedback and prediction method1100. The user feedback and prediction method 1100 may be a moredetailed illustration of operations occurring when generating andpresented recommendations to the user for feedback, in step 542 of theuser behavior and interaction recording method 530.

The user feedback and prediction method 1100 begins by presentingsuggested multimedia to the user (step 1102). Once the multimedia ispresented to the user, feedback is requested from the user and thefeedback is analyzed to determine whether the user agrees with ordisagrees with the suggestion (step 1104). User feedback may be, e.g., alike or dislike button overlaid on the multimedia when it is presentedto the user. If the user agrees with the suggestion, then a positivefeedback cue for the suggestion is stored (step 1106). However, if theuser disagrees with the suggestion, then a negative feedback cue for thesuggestion is stored (step 1108). Once a feedback cue for the multimediahas been stored, the user feedback and prediction method 1100 ends.

As discussed above with respect to FIG. 2, the auto-favorites view 204may be provide recommendations according to predicted meaningfulness toa particular user. Different input cues may be more meaningful toparticular users. By presenting multimedia suggestions to the user andreceiving user feedback, the user feedback and prediction method 1100allows the user device to determine what cues are relatively moremeaningful to particular users. For example, the editing or sharingphoto sub-cues (discussed with respect to FIGS. 10A-10B) may be moremeaningful to a first kind of user, while the photo zoom and orientationsub-cues (discussed with respect to FIGS. 10C-10D) may be moremeaningful to a second kind of user. The user feedback and predictionmethod 1100 may thus be part of a machine learning process that learnswhich cues and sub-cues are more meaningful to particular users. Themeaningfulness of cues and sub-cues to each user may be stored in theprofile associated with each user, and then loaded with a user's profilewhen that user operates the device (discussed with respect to FIG. 4).

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment cue ranking method 1200. The cueranking method 1200 may be a more detailed illustration of operationsoccurring when ranking cues or sub-cues according to the various modelsdiscussed above, such as step 514 of FIG. 5A or steps 536, 540, or 544of FIG. 5B.

The cue ranking method 1200 begins by determining whether there aresufficient data samples to rank cues or sub-cues for a user (step 1202).The sufficiency of data samples may be determined, e.g., by comparingthe quantity of data samples to a threshold quantity. If there aresufficient data samples, then weights of the cues are normalized (step1204). Once the weights of the cues are normalized, the multimedia fileson the device are analyzed and a score is generated for each multimediafile (step 1206). After scores for each multimedia file are generated,the top 5% of scored multimedia is selected for recommendation and addedto an auto-favorites view (step 1208). Once the auto-favorites view ispopulated with recommended multimedia, the user is presented therecommended multimedia and prompted for feedback (step 1210). Thefeedback prompt presented to the user may include, e.g., a like ordislike button. Once the user is presented with the recommendedmultimedia, the cue ranking method 1200 determines whether the user hasprovided feedback for the recommended multimedia (step 1212). If theuser has not provided feedback, then the cue ranking method 1200concludes.

If the user has provided feedback, then the cue ranking method 1200continues by using the feedback as a learning input and repeating thesteps of the cue ranking method 1200 (step 1212). As discussed abovewith respect to FIG. 11, different input cues may be more meaningful toparticular users. Using the feedback as a learning input may includedetermining which cues or sub-cues are more meaningful to a particularuser, based on the feedback the user provided in response to therecommended multimedia presented in step 1210. The learning inputs maybe refined by repeating the steps of the cue ranking method 1200 severaltimes, each time with newer learning inputs. Repeating this process maymore accurately determine the cues and sub-cues that are more meaningfulto particular users.

FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment cue weight normalization method 1300.The cue weight normalization method 1300 may be a more detailedillustration of operations occurring when normalizing the weights ofcues, in step 1204 of the cue ranking method 1200.

The cue weight normalization method 1300 begins by reading a standardweight table (step 1302). The standard weight table may be predeterminedby or stored on the user device, and may serve as a starting point forrefining feedback used to generate learning inputs. The standard weighttable includes weights for behavior and interaction inputs that would beexpected from a typical user, e.g., “model user behavior.” Once thestandard weight table has been read, the percentage of positive feedbackout of all available feedback in the input cues is computed (step 1304).After the percentage of positive feedback has been calculated, it iscompared with a threshold t_(f1) to determine whether the percentage ofpositive feedback exceeds t_(f1) (step 1306). In some embodiments, thethreshold t_(f1) is about 60% positive feedback in the input cues.

If the percentage of positive feedback in the input cues exceeds thethreshold t_(f1), then the weights of the cues are lowered (step 1308).The weights of the cues may be lowered by decreasing the weight of eachcue by a predefined step. The predefined step for each cue may bedetermined according to a percentile for that cue's weight. For example,cues in the top 10% of weight may be lowered by a larger step than cuesin the top 50% of weight. The weight of the cues may be lowered untilthe weight of each cue is approximately equal to the step associatedwith the next weight decrease for that cue.

After the weights of the cues are lowered, or if the percentage ofpositive feedback in the input cues is less than the threshold t_(f1),then the percentage of positive feedback is again calculated andcompared with a threshold t_(f2) to determine if the percentage ofpositive feedback is less that threshold (step 1310). In someembodiments, the threshold t_(f2) is about 30% positive feedback in theinput cues. If the percentage of positive feedback in the input cues isless than the threshold t_(f2), then the weights of the cues are raised(step 1312). The weights of the cues may be raised by increasing theweight of each cue by a predefined step. The predefined step for eachcue may be determined according to a percentile for that cue's weight.For example, cues in the bottom 10% of weight may be raised by a largerstep than cues in the bottom 50% of weight.

Once the weight of the cues has been adjusted, the weights of the cuesare then normalized (step 1314). The weights may be normalized bysumming a total of all weights and then dividing each weight by thatsum. After weights of the cues are normalized, the cues are then used asfeedback for updating or modifying the weights in the standard weighttable (step 1316). A particular user's behavior will likely notprecisely track the model user behavior from the standard weight table.Thus, differences between the particular user's behavior and the modeluser behavior may bias predictions. Adjusted the weights from thestandard weight table may mitigate this biasing. Once the standardweight adjustment is performed, the cue weight normalization method 1300concludes.

FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment score generation method 1400. Thescore generation method 1400 may be a more detailed illustration ofoperations occurring when generating a score for each photo or video, instep 1206 of the cue ranking method 1200.

The score generation method 1400 begins by determining whether a cue isa binary or a word value (step 1402). A cue may be binary when the cuesimply indicates a value of true or false, which correlates to thepresence or absence of a positive or negative reaction. Binary cues mayinclude cues such as a smile or a frown being detected when performingfacial recognition of a user's behavior. If a cue is a binary value,then the cue is assigned a score of 1 for a positive results and a scoreof 0 for negative results (step 1404).

If a cue is not a binary value, then it is a word value. A cue may be aword value when the cue measures a discrete metric. Word cues mayinclude cues such as viewing time, quantity of views, quantity of sharesto social media, etc. If a cue is a word value, then the maximum valuefor the cue is calculated (step 1406). The maximum value for a cue iscalculated by determining the maximum value for the cue within allimages considered. For example, the maximum value for the view time cueis determined by measuring the view time for each image considered, andthen taking the largest of those measurements as the maximum value. Insome embodiments, instead of calculating the maximum value every time,the maximum value for particular cues may be computed and storedperiodically, then retrieved when needed. After the maximum value forthe cue is calculated or retrieved, the cue value is normalized bydividing the current value of the cue by the maximum value for the cue(step 1408). For example, if one of the cues considered is viewing time,and the maximum value for viewing time is determined to be 60 seconds,then for a photo with a view time of 45 seconds, the normalized valuefor that photo's view time cue would be calculated as: 45÷60=0.75.

Once a score has been assigned to each cue for each photo or video, araw score is computed by multiplying the normalized value for each cueby that cue's weight (step 1410). Continuing the example of the photoabove, if the weight for the viewing time cue is determined to be 0.5,then the raw score for the photo's view time cue would be calculated as:0.5×0.75=0.375.

Once a raw score has been computed for each cue for each image, acorrelation score is computed for the photo or video (step 1412). Thecorrelation score is computed by comparing one or more cues for a photoor video against a reference photo or video. Correlation scores helpreinforce prediction confidence be recognizing patterns inhigher-confidence predictions or user feedback. Next, a learning factoris computed for each cue based on user feedback (step 1414). The userfeedback may be feedback obtained from, e.g., the user feedback andprediction method 1100. Finally, an image score is calculated by summingthe raw scores, the correlation scores, and the learning factor (step1414). The image score is thus computed according to:

${s_{img} = {{\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{t}\left( {w_{n}*p_{n}} \right)} + \left( {w_{c}*p_{c}} \right) + f}},$

where s_(img) is the image score, t is the total quantity of cues, w_(n)is the weight of a cue, p_(n) is the value for a cue, w_(c) is theweight of the correlation cue, p_(c) is the value of the correlationcue, and f is the learning factor. Once the image score is calculated,the score generation method 1400 concludes. The image scores may then becompared and the top scoring images may be recommended to the user.

Table 1, illustrated below, shows scoring results for two example imagesusing embodiment techniques:

TABLE 1 Photo 1 Detected Photo 2 Cue Weight Data Score Detected DataScore Total view time 0.50 60 second 0.50 5 seconds 0 Quantity of views0.1 10 views 0.1 2 views 0 Quantity of shares 0.15 3 shares 0.15 0shares 0 Orientation matched 0.05 8 times 0.05 1 time 0 Captured byoutside 0.02 Yes 0.02 No 0 camera Edited 0.05 Yes 0.05 No 0 Viewer'sreactions 0.10 Smiled 0.10 None 0 Zoomed 0.02 3 times 0.02 1 time 0.02TOTAL 0.99 TOTAL 0.02 SCORE SCORE

As can be seen above in Table 1, two example photos have been rankedaccording to the weight and values of their cues. Photo 1 has a highview time and has been shared, viewed, oriented, and zoomed many times.Accordingly, the image score for photo 1 is computed to be 0.99,indicating a relatively high likelihood that this photo will bemeaningful to a user. Conversely, photo 2 has a relatively low view timeand has been shared, viewed, oriented, and zoomed few times.Accordingly, the image score for photo 2 is computed to be 0.02,indicating a relatively low likelihood that this photo will bemeaningful to a user. Thus, photo 1 will be recommended to the user,while photo 2 will not be recommended to the user.

Although the description has been described in detail, it should beunderstood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can bemade without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure asdefined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the disclosure isnot intended to be limited to the particular embodiments describedherein, as one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate fromthis disclosure that processes, machines, manufacture, compositions ofmatter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to bedeveloped, may perform substantially the same function or achievesubstantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments describedherein. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include withintheir scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions ofmatter, means, methods, or steps.

What is claimed:
 1. A method comprising: enabling a sensing device on auser device in response to a user requesting a multimedia operation, themultimedia operation comprising displaying a multimedia content on adisplay of the user device, the multimedia content being a photograph ora video, the multimedia content being stored in a multimedia library;performing the multimedia operation; identifying behavioral cues of theuser according to signals received from the sensing device substantiallywhen the multimedia operation is being performed, wherein identifyingthe behavioral cues of the user comprises: searching for multimediasub-cues in the signals captured from the sensing device; andclassifying the multimedia sub-cues as positive reactions or negativereactions to produce the behavioral cues; identifying interaction cuesof the user according to whether the user interacts with an input deviceof the user device substantially when the multimedia operation is beingperformed, the interaction cues indicating whether, during thedisplaying of the multimedia content on the display of the user device,the user viewed the multimedia content for a predetermined amount oftime, shared the multimedia content, edited the multimedia content,zoomed into the multimedia content, and rotated the user device to matchan original orientation of the multimedia content; selecting a subset ofthe multimedia library according to the behavioral cues and furtheraccording to the interaction cues; displaying the subset of themultimedia library on the display of the user device; requestingfeedback from the user in response to presenting the subset of themultimedia library; classifying the feedback from the user as a positivereaction or a negative reaction to produce feedback cues; and selectinga further subset of the multimedia library in accordance with thefeedback cues.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein searching formultimedia sub-cues comprises producing the multimedia sub-cues inresponse to a view time for the multimedia content.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein searching for multimedia sub-cues comprises producingthe multimedia sub-cues in response to the user sharing the multimediacontent.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein searching for multimediasub-cues comprises producing the multimedia sub-cues in response to theuser editing the multimedia content.
 5. The method of claim 1, whereinsearching for multimedia sub-cues comprises producing the multimediasub-cues in response to the user zooming into the multimedia content. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein searching for multimedia sub-cuescomprises producing the multimedia sub-cues in response to the userrotating the user device in order to match an orientation of the userdevice with an orientation of the multimedia content.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein identifying the behavioral cues of the user comprises:capturing facial expressions of the user with the sensing device; andrecognizing the facial expressions of the user to produce the behavioralcues.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein recognizing the facialexpressions comprises classifying the facial expressions of the user asa positive facial reaction, a negative facial reaction, or a lack offacial reaction.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein recognizing thefacial expressions comprises recognizing a gaze of the user as the userstares at a hotspot on a display of the user device.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein identifying the behavioral cues of the user comprises:capturing ambient activity with the sensing device; and analyzing theambient activity to produce the behavioral cues.
 11. The method of claim10, wherein capturing the ambient activity comprises capturing soundwith the sensing device while performing the multimedia operation. 12.The method of claim 10, wherein capturing the ambient activitycomprises: capturing video with the sensing device; performing facialrecognition to detect subjects in the video; and correlating subjects inthe video with entries in a contact list on the user device.
 13. Amethod comprising: providing a plurality of multimedia content on a userdevice; displaying a first subset of the multimedia content on a displayof the user device; capturing behavioral cues of a user with a sensingdevice when displaying the first subset of the multimedia content,wherein capturing the behavioral cues of the user comprises: capturingsignals from the sensing device; searching for multimedia sub-cues inthe signals captured from the sensing device; and classifying themultimedia sub-cues as positive reactions or negative reactions toproduce the behavioral cues; identifying interaction cues of a user withan input device when displaying the first subset of the multimediacontent, the interaction cues indicating the user manipulated the firstsubset of the multimedia content using the input device during thedisplaying, wherein the interaction cues indicate the user manipulatedthe first subset of the multimedia content when the user shared themultimedia content, edited the multimedia content, zoomed into themultimedia content, and rotated the user device to match an originalorientation of the multimedia content; analyzing the behavioral cues andthe interaction cues to produce multimedia cues; assigning weights toeach of the multimedia cues; generating a score for each of theplurality of multimedia content in accordance with the weights and themultimedia cues; displaying a second subset of the multimedia content onthe display in accordance with the scores; requesting feedback from theuser in response to displaying the second subset of the multimediacontent; classifying the feedback from the user as a positive reactionor a negative reaction to produce feedback cues; and displaying a thirdsubset of the multimedia content on the display in accordance with thefeedback cues.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: adjustingthe weights for each of the multimedia cues in accordance with thebehavioral cues and further according to the interaction cues of theuser; and normalizing the weights.
 15. The method of claim 13, whereingenerating the scores for each of the plurality of multimedia contentcomprises: computing and summing raw scores for each of the multimediacues in accordance with the weights; computing and applying acorrelation factor to the raw scores; and applying a learning factor tothe raw scores to produce the scores.
 16. The method of claim 15,wherein producing the scores comprises computing the score according to:${s_{img} = {{\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{t}\left( {w_{n}*p_{n}} \right)} + \left( {w_{c}*p_{c}} \right) + f}},$wherein t is a total quantity of multimedia cues, wn is the weight of amultimedia cue, pn is a value of a multimedia cue, we is a correlationfactor weight, pc is a correlation factor value, and f is the learningfactor.
 17. A device comprising: a sensing device; an input devicedifferent from the sensing device; a display; a processor; and acomputer-readable storage medium storing a program to be executed by theprocessor, the program including instructions to perform a methodcomprising: enabling the sensing device in response to a user requestinga multimedia operation, the multimedia operation comprising displaying amultimedia content on the display, the multimedia content being aphotograph or a video, the multimedia content being stored in amultimedia library; identifying behavioral cues of the user according tosignals captured from the sensing device while performing the multimediaoperation, wherein identifying the behavioral cues of the usercomprises: searching for multimedia sub-cues in the signals capturedfrom the sensing device; and classifying the multimedia sub-cues aspositive reactions or negative reactions to produce the behavioral cues;identifying interaction cues of the user according to whether the userinteracts with the input device while performing the multimediaoperation, the interaction cues indicating whether, during thedisplaying of the multimedia content on the display, the user viewed themultimedia content for a predetermined amount of time, shared themultimedia content, edited the multimedia content, zoomed into themultimedia content, and rotated the display to match an originalorientation of the multimedia content; associating the behavioral cuesand the interaction cues with the multimedia operation; rankingmultimedia content with a model according to the behavioral cues andfurther according to the interaction cues; selecting a subset of themultimedia content in accordance with the ranks of the multimediacontent; displaying the subset of the multimedia content on the display;requesting feedback from the user in response to displaying the subsetof the multimedia content; classifying the feedback from the user as apositive reaction or a negative reaction to produce feedback cues; andselecting a further subset of the multimedia content in accordance withthe feedback cues.
 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the instructionsfor identifying the behavioral cues comprise instructions for capturingand analyzing ambient sounds to produce the behavioral cues.
 19. Thedevice of claim 17, wherein the instructions for identifying thebehavioral cues comprise instructions for capturing and recognizingfacial expressions of the user to produce the behavioral cues.
 20. Thedevice of claim 17, wherein the instructions for identifying theinteraction cues comprise instructions for searching for photo sub-cuesin the multimedia content and classifying the photo sub-cues as positivereactions or negative reactions to produce the interaction cues.
 21. Thedevice of claim 17, wherein the program further includes instructionsfor: ranking the multimedia content with the model further in accordancewith the feedback cues.
 22. A device comprising: a sensing device; aninput device; a memory storing a plurality of multimedia content, themultimedia content being a photograph or a video; a display; aprocessor; and a computer-readable storage medium storing a program tobe executed by the processor, the program including instructions for:receiving a request from a user to perform a multimedia operation, themultimedia operation comprising displaying a first subset of themultimedia content on the display; performing the multimedia operationwhile receiving signals from the sensing device and the input device,and while determining whether the user views the multimedia content fora predetermined amount of time, shares the multimedia content, edits themultimedia content, zooms into the multimedia content, and rotates thedisplay to match an original orientation of the multimedia contentduring the displaying of the first subset of the multimedia content onthe display; updating a recommendation of a second subset of themultimedia content in accordance with the request, the signals from thesensing device, and whether the user manipulated the first subset of themultimedia content, wherein updating the recommendation comprises:searching for multimedia sub-cues in the signals received from thesensing device; and classifying the multimedia sub-cues as positivereactions or negative reactions to produce interaction cues, therecommendation updated according to the interaction cues; displaying theupdated recommendation on the display; requesting feedback from the userin response to displaying the updated recommendation; classifying thefeedback from the user as a positive reaction or a negative reaction toproduce feedback cues; and further updating the recommendation of thesecond subset of the multimedia content in accordance with the feedbackcues.
 23. The device of claim 22, wherein the instruction for retrievingdata with the sensing device comprises instructions for sensing behaviorof the user with the sensing device and receiving device input behaviorof the user with the input device.
 24. The device of claim 22, whereinthe sensing device is one of a microphone or a front camera, and whereinthe input device is a touchscreen.